Though we have images of the Puritans and Native Americans sharing a harvest feast, Thanksgiving wasn't marked on a special day until 1863.
Prior to that - President George Washington issued a proclamation naming Thursday, November 26, 1789, as an official holiday of “sincere and humble thanks.” The nation then celebrated its first Thanksgiving under its new Constitution - but it wasn't consistently observed nationwide.
It was President Lincoln who chose to announce, in the midst of the Civil War, a national day of thanksgiving that would be marked on the last Thursday in November.
Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt, in December 1941, signed the legislation making Thanksgiving into a legal holiday on the fourth Thursday in November.
As reported in the Port Jervis newspaper, THE EVENING GAZETTE,
on Oct. 23, 1917:
FASTING TO BE URGED
FOR THANKSGIVING
Hoover Advocates Emulation of
the Pilgrims of Plymouth.
Washington, Oct. 23.—Thanksgiving
as a day of fasting rather than of
feasting will be advocated this year
by the food administration, with a
strong prospect that the president in
his proclamation may designate the
final Thursday of November as a fast day.
It is pointed out that the first
Thanksgiving day, celebrated in the
autumn of 1621 by the Pilgrims at
Plymouth, was a fast day. For many
years thereafter the annual Puritan
holiday was a fast day, and the development
into a time of feasting
came only after the little colony of
Massachusetts had become a successful
and a growing community.
Herbert C. Hoover, the food administrator,
looks upon the movement for
a "turkeyless Thanksgiving" as a
clean cut movement in the right direction,
so far as food conservation is
concerned. Great feast days, like all
great holidays, are productive of a
greater waste, greater extravagance
and needless expenditure of needed
commodities, in his opinion.
Throughout the United States the
annual recognition of the one time
local holiday of old New England has
grown to be a season of inordinate feasting.
The food administration believes
that if the Thanksgiving wastage
should be cut from the calendar this
year it would mean in actual conservation
of foodstuffs a saving of approximately
the food supply of 24 hours for
the entire 110,000,000 dwellers under
the Stars and Stripes.
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